Topic 2 of 6 · Form 3
Population and settlement
World population growth; birth rates, death rates and natural increase; the demographic transition model; factors affecting fertility and mortality; over- and under-population; population policies (anti-natalist and pro-natalist).
Notes for this topic 1 file, in order
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Population dynamics
World population growth; birth rates, death rates and natural increase; the demographic transition model; factors affecting fertility and mortality; over- and under-population; population policies (anti-natalist and pro-natalist).
Population structure
Population pyramids for countries at different stages; dependency ratio = (young + old) ÷ working-age population × 100.
Worked example: A country has 4.5 million young dependants, 0.5 million elderly and 7.5 million aged 15–64. Find the dependency ratio.
(4.5 + 0.5) ÷ 7.5 × 100 = 66.7
Population density and distribution
Physical and human factors (relief, climate, soils, water, resources, jobs, transport).
Migration
Push and pull factors; internal and international, voluntary and forced migration; impacts on source and destination areas.
Settlement
Site, situation and function; settlement hierarchies and service provision (threshold and range); urban land use models; urbanisation and its problems in LEDCs (informal settlements, congestion, pollution) and solutions; rural–urban fringe.
Check yourself
- What does a wide-based population pyramid show?
- Give two pull factors that attract migrants to cities.
- What is the range of a service?
Show answers
- High birth rate and a large proportion of young people.
- Any two: jobs, better services (schools, hospitals), higher wages, entertainment.
- The maximum distance people are prepared to travel to use it.
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