ZIMSEC · O Level · Syllabus 4044
History
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- The Mfecane and the Ndebele state A period of wars and migrations in southern Africa in the early 19th century.
- Trade, the slave trade and missionaries in Africa The London Missionary Society opened Inyati Mission in 1859, the first permanent mission in present-day Zimbabwe (near Bubi in Matabeleland North). Missionaries spread Christianity, built schools and clinics, and recorded languages, but some also prepared the way for colonisation and undermined African cultures.
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- The scramble for Africa and the colonisation of Zimbabwe European powers rushed to take control of African territory in the late 19th century.
- Nationalism, the armed struggle and independence After the Second World War, African nationalism grew across the continent. In Zimbabwe, trade unions and associations led to nationalist parties in the 1950s and 1960s. Banned parties regrouped under new names, leading to ZAPU (1961) and ZANU (1963).
- The First and Second World Wars Aimed to keep peace through collective security. It failed because major powers were absent (the USA never joined), it had no army, and it could not stop aggression (Japan in Manchuria, Italy in Ethiopia in 1935).