Topic 5 of 8 · Form 6
Energy and respiration; photosynthesis
Universal energy currency; synthesis by substrate-linked phosphorylation and chemiosmosis.
Notes for this topic 1 file, in order
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ATP
Universal energy currency; synthesis by substrate-linked phosphorylation and chemiosmosis.
Respiration
Glycolysis (cytoplasm), link reaction and Krebs cycle (mitochondrial matrix), oxidative phosphorylation (inner membrane – electron transport chain, proton gradient, ATP synthase, oxygen as final electron acceptor); anaerobic respiration in mammals (lactate) and yeast (ethanol); respiratory substrates and respiratory quotient (RQ = CO₂ produced ÷ O₂ used).
Worked example: Calculate the RQ for the respiration of the lipid triolein, C₅₇H₁₀₄O₆ + 80O₂ → 57CO₂ + 52H₂O.
RQ = 57 ÷ 80 = 0.71
Photosynthesis
Chloroplast structure; light-dependent reactions (photosystems, photolysis, cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation, NADP reduction); light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle: RuBP, rubisco, GP, triose phosphate); limiting factors; adaptations of C4 plants (maize, sorghum).
Check yourself
- Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
- What is the role of NADP in photosynthesis?
- Why do C4 plants photosynthesise efficiently at high temperatures?
Show answers
- In the mitochondrial matrix.
- It accepts electrons and hydrogen to become reduced NADP, used to reduce GP in the Calvin cycle.
- They concentrate CO₂ around rubisco in bundle sheath cells, reducing photorespiration.
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