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Topic 6 of 6 · Form 6

Environmental management and hazards

Tectonic hazards (earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis), mass movement hazards and atmospheric hazards (tropical cyclones, tornadoes, droughts); vulnerability and risk; prediction, prevention and preparation; responses in contrasting countries.

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Hazardous environments

Tectonic hazards (earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis), mass movement hazards and atmospheric hazards (tropical cyclones, tornadoes, droughts); vulnerability and risk; prediction, prevention and preparation; responses in contrasting countries.

Arid and semi-arid environments

Climate, landforms (wadis, pediments, dunes), desertification and its management.

Environmental management

Sustainable resource use; water management; managing degraded environments; conservation and ecotourism; climate change mitigation and adaptation.

Worked example: Explain why Cyclone Idai (2019) caused severe impacts in eastern Zimbabwe.

Heavy rainfall on steep, deeply weathered slopes triggered landslides and floods; settlements near rivers and limited warning increased vulnerability.

Exam tip: Use the hazard risk equation: risk = hazard × vulnerability ÷ capacity to cope.

Check yourself

  1. Distinguish between a hazard and a disaster.
  2. Give two strategies to reduce desertification.
  3. Why do earthquakes cause more deaths in poorer countries?
Show answers
  1. A hazard is a potential threat; a disaster is when it causes major loss of life or property.
  2. Any two: afforestation, controlled grazing, water harvesting, conservation farming, sand fences.
  3. Weaker buildings, less preparedness, limited emergency services and denser informal settlements.
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