Topic 3 of 6 · Form 5
Sport psychology
Trait, social learning and interactionist theories; attitudes can be changed through persuasion and cognitive dissonance.
Notes for this topic 1 file, in order
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Personality and attitudes
Trait, social learning and interactionist theories; attitudes can be changed through persuasion and cognitive dissonance.
Motivation
Intrinsic (enjoyment) and extrinsic (rewards, trophies); achievement motivation (need to achieve vs fear of failure); attribution theory (Weiner: ability, effort, task difficulty, luck – internal/external, stable/unstable); learned helplessness.
Arousal and anxiety
- Inverted-U theory: performance is best at moderate arousal; complex skills need lower arousal.
- Drive theory and catastrophe theory.
- Anxiety: cognitive and somatic; state and trait.
- Stress management: relaxation, breathing, imagery, positive self-talk, goal setting.
Goal setting
SMART(ER) goals: specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, time-bound (evaluated and recorded); outcome, performance and process goals.
Group dynamics and leadership
Cohesion (task and social), Steiner's model (actual productivity = potential productivity − losses due to faulty processes), social loafing, and leadership styles (autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire; Chelladurai's model).
Aggression
Instinct, frustration–aggression and social learning theories; strategies to reduce aggression.
Check yourself
- According to inverted-U theory, when is performance best?
- What is social loafing?
- Give an example of an internal unstable attribution.
Show answers
- At a moderate level of arousal.
- When individuals put in less effort in a group than when working alone.
- Effort.
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