Topic 4 of 6 · Form 5
Skill acquisition
Classified on continua: open–closed, gross–fine, discrete–serial–continuous, self-paced–externally paced, simple–complex.
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Types of skill
Classified on continua: open–closed, gross–fine, discrete–serial–continuous, self-paced–externally paced, simple–complex.
Stages of learning (Fitts and Posner)
Cognitive (understanding the task, many errors), associative (practice, fewer errors), autonomous (automatic, consistent).
Information processing
Input (selective attention), decision-making (memory: short-term and long-term), output, and feedback. Reaction time = time from stimulus to start of response; response time = reaction time + movement time. Hick's law: reaction time increases with the number of choices.
Practice
Massed and distributed practice; whole, part, progressive-part and whole–part–whole methods; variable and fixed practice; mental rehearsal.
Feedback and guidance
- Feedback: intrinsic and extrinsic; knowledge of results and knowledge of performance; positive and negative.
- Guidance: visual (demonstration), verbal, manual and mechanical.
Transfer of learning
Positive, negative, bilateral and zero transfer.
Check yourself
- Which stage of learning is characterised by automatic, consistent performance?
- State Hick's law.
- Give an example of a closed skill.
Show answers
- The autonomous stage.
- Reaction time increases as the number of stimulus–response choices increases.
- Any one: a free throw, a golf putt, a gymnastics vault, a serve.
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