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Topic 5 of 6 · Form 6

Training and performance analysis

Specificity, progression, overload (FITT), reversibility, individual differences, recovery and moderation.

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  1. PDFTraining and performance analysis – Physical Education, Sport and Mass Displays notes (ZIMSEC A Level)47.4 KB

Principles of training

Specificity, progression, overload (FITT), reversibility, individual differences, recovery and moderation.

Methods

Continuous, interval (work-to-rest ratios), fartlek, circuit, weight training, plyometrics and flexibility training (static, dynamic, PNF).

Periodisation

Macrocycle (season or year), mesocycles (blocks of weeks) and microcycles (week); preparation, competition and transition phases; tapering before major competitions.

Heart-rate training zones

Maximum heart rate ≈ 220 − age; aerobic training zone about 60–80% of maximum (Karvonen formula uses heart rate reserve).

Worked example: Find the 70% training heart rate for an 18-year-old using 220 − age.

Max HR = 202; 70% = 141 bpm

Fitness testing

Validity, reliability and standardised protocols; tests such as the multi-stage fitness test (VO₂ max), sit-and-reach, vertical jump, 30 m sprint and hand-grip dynamometer.

Performance analysis

Notational analysis, video analysis, GPS and heart-rate monitoring; comparing performance with models and setting targets.

Nutrition and ergogenic aids

Carbohydrate loading, hydration, protein for recovery; legal aids and banned substances (WADA list); ethical issues of doping.

Exam tip: Design training programmes with clear phases, specific methods and measurable targets.

Check yourself

  1. What is tapering?
  2. State the principle of reversibility.
  3. Calculate the maximum heart rate of a 25-year-old.
Show answers
  1. Reducing training volume before a major competition to allow full recovery while maintaining fitness.
  2. Fitness gains are lost when training stops or is reduced.
  3. 220 − 25 = 195 bpm
Next topicSport in society, management and mass displays

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