Topic 5 of 6 · Form 6
Economic transition, trade and development
Measures (GNI per capita, HDI, inequality-adjusted measures); the development gap; models (Rostow, Frank's dependency theory, Myrdal's cumulative causation, Friedmann's core–periphery).
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Development
Measures (GNI per capita, HDI, inequality-adjusted measures); the development gap; models (Rostow, Frank's dependency theory, Myrdal's cumulative causation, Friedmann's core–periphery).
Globalisation and trade
Transnational corporations and global production networks; international trade patterns and terms of trade; trade blocs; debt and aid.
Agriculture and food
Agricultural systems and change; food security; the Green Revolution; land reform; sustainable agriculture.
Manufacturing, services and energy
Industrial location and change, newly industrialising countries, outsourcing, the service economy and tourism; energy supply and demand, resource management.
Worked example: A country's exports are worth US$8 billion, of which US$6 billion come from three minerals. Comment on its trade dependence.
75% of export earnings come from primary products, making it vulnerable to price changes.
Check yourself
- What is cumulative causation?
- Give one advantage and one disadvantage of TNCs to a host country.
- What was the Green Revolution?
Show answers
- A process where growth in one area attracts further investment, widening regional inequalities (backwash effects).
- Advantage: jobs/investment/technology; disadvantage: profit repatriation/low wages/environmental damage.
- The introduction of high-yielding varieties, fertilisers and irrigation from the 1960s to raise food output.
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