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Applications: clinical, health and organisational psychology

Definitions of abnormality (statistical, deviation from social norms, failure to function, ideal mental health); classification (DSM and ICD); disorders: schizophrenia, depression and bipolar disorder, anxiety and phobias, obsessive–compulsive disorder, impulse-control disorders – characteristics, explanations (biological, cognitive, behavioural) and treatments (drug therapy, CBT, exposure therapies).

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Clinical psychology

Definitions of abnormality (statistical, deviation from social norms, failure to function, ideal mental health); classification (DSM and ICD); disorders: schizophrenia, depression and bipolar disorder, anxiety and phobias, obsessive–compulsive disorder, impulse-control disorders – characteristics, explanations (biological, cognitive, behavioural) and treatments (drug therapy, CBT, exposure therapies).

Health psychology

The patient–practitioner relationship; adherence to medical advice (measuring and improving adherence); pain (types, measurement, management); stress (causes, measurement, management); health promotion strategies (fear appeals, community campaigns).

Worked example: Give two ways of improving adherence to medication.

Simplify the regimen and use reminders (texts, pill boxes); improve doctor–patient communication.

Organisational psychology

Motivation at work (Maslow, Herzberg, expectancy theory), leadership, group behaviour, organisational culture, satisfaction at work, working conditions.

Exam tip: Evaluate treatments by effectiveness, appropriateness, side effects and ethics.

Check yourself

  1. Name two definitions of abnormality.
  2. What is cognitive behavioural therapy?
  3. Give one way of measuring stress.
Show answers
  1. Any two: statistical infrequency, deviation from social norms, failure to function adequately, deviation from ideal mental health.
  2. A therapy that changes negative thinking patterns and behaviours.
  3. Any one: physiological measures (heart rate, cortisol), self-report questionnaires.
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