ZIMSEC O Level · Heritage Studies · Form 3, Form 4
Levels of government
- Central government: national ministries.
- Provincial and metropolitan councils.
- Local authorities: urban councils (city, municipal and town councils) and rural district councils. They provide services such as water, roads, clinics, refuse collection, markets and licences, and collect rates and levies.
- Traditional leaders (chiefs, headmen and village heads) handle customary matters and community issues.
Good governance
Accountability, transparency, the rule of law, participation, fairness and fighting corruption.
Citizenship
- A citizen belongs to a country and has rights and duties. Citizenship can be by birth, descent or registration.
- Active citizens vote in elections, attend community meetings, pay rates and look after public resources.
National development
- Zimbabwe's economy relies on agriculture, mining, manufacturing and tourism.
- Development challenges include unemployment, climate change, droughts and poor infrastructure.
- Sustainable development meets today's needs without harming future generations: conservation farming, renewable energy and responsible mining.
Exam tip: Use local examples – your own council, ward or school development committee – to illustrate points.
Check yourself
- Name two services provided by local authorities.
- Give two features of good governance.
- What is sustainable development?
Show answers
- Any two: water, roads, clinics, refuse collection, markets, licences.
- Any two: accountability, transparency, rule of law, participation, fairness.
- Development that meets present needs without harming the ability of future generations to meet theirs.
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