ZIMSEC O Level · Heritage Studies · Form 2, Form 3
Causes of the struggle
African nationalists demanded majority rule because of land dispossession, racial discrimination, lack of voting rights, and poor education and job opportunities for Africans.
Key events
- 1950s–60s: nationalist movements grew and parties were formed, banned and re-formed.
- 1965: the Rhodesian government under Ian Smith made a Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) from Britain to keep minority rule.
- 1966: the Battle of Chinhoyi is regarded as the start of the armed struggle (the Second Chimurenga/Umvukela).
- 1970s: guerrilla forces – ZANLA (ZANU's army) and ZIPRA (ZAPU's army) – fought from bases in neighbouring countries. Neighbouring states supported the struggle.
- 1979: the Lancaster House Conference in London agreed a ceasefire and a new constitution.
- 1980: elections were held and Zimbabwe became independent on 18 April 1980.
After independence
- The Unity Accord of 22 December 1987 united ZANU and ZAPU; this date is celebrated as National Unity Day.
- Heroes are honoured at the National Heroes' Acre and on Heroes' Day in August.
Exam tip: Learn the key dates in order – a simple timeline helps you answer “sequence” and “significance” questions.
Check yourself
- When did Zimbabwe become independent?
- What was UDI?
- What is celebrated on 22 December?
Show answers
- 18 April 1980.
- The Unilateral Declaration of Independence from Britain made by the Rhodesian government in 1965 to keep minority rule.
- National Unity Day, marking the 1987 Unity Accord.
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