Topic 3 of 6 · Form 5
Modern Europe: liberalism, nationalism and the Russian Revolution
The 1848 revolutions; German unification under Prussia (Zollverein, Bismarck, wars of 1864, 1866 and 1870–71); Italian unification (Cavour, Garibaldi).
Notes for this topic 1 file, in order
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Liberalism and nationalism
The 1848 revolutions; German unification under Prussia (Zollverein, Bismarck, wars of 1864, 1866 and 1870–71); Italian unification (Cavour, Garibaldi).
Russia, 1894–1921
- Tsarist autocracy under Nicholas II; economic modernisation (Witte); the 1905 Revolution; the Dumas; Stolypin.
- The impact of the First World War; the February Revolution (1917); the Provisional Government and dual power with the Petrograd Soviet.
- Lenin and the Bolsheviks; the October Revolution; Brest-Litovsk; the Civil War; War Communism; the Kronstadt rising and the New Economic Policy (1921).
Exam tip: For "why did the Provisional Government fail?", weigh the war, land, the Soviet, the Kornilov affair and Bolshevik leadership.
Check yourself
- What was "dual power" in 1917?
- Why did the Bolsheviks introduce the NEP?
- What was the Zollverein's significance for German unification?
Show answers
- Authority shared between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet.
- War Communism caused famine and unrest (including the Kronstadt rising); the NEP allowed limited private trade to restore the economy.
- It created economic unity under Prussian leadership and excluded Austria.
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