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Grammar, punctuation and vocabulary

Simple, compound and complex sentences; avoid fragments and run-on sentences (comma splices).

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Sentence structure

Simple, compound and complex sentences; avoid fragments and run-on sentences (comma splices).

Grammar

Subject–verb agreement ("The list of names is long"), consistent tenses, correct use of pronouns, prepositions and articles; active and passive voice; reported speech (tense backshift).

Worked example: Change to reported speech: She said, "I am visiting my aunt tomorrow."

She said that she was visiting her aunt the next day.

Punctuation

Full stops, commas (lists, clauses, after introductory phrases), apostrophes (possession and contraction – it's = it is; its = belonging to it), colons and semicolons, inverted commas for direct speech, question and exclamation marks.

Commonly confused words

their/there/they're; your/you're; affect/effect; accept/except; lose/loose; practice (noun)/practise (verb) in British English.

Vocabulary

Precise, varied word choice; synonyms; formal and informal register; avoiding repetition and clichés.

Spelling

British spellings (colour, organise/organize, centre, travelling).

Exam tip: Proofread your writing in the last five minutes, checking apostrophes, tenses and agreement.

Check yourself

  1. Correct: "Each of the boys have a book."
  2. Choose: The team lost (its/it's) first match.
  3. Change to the passive voice: "The council repaired the road."
Show answers
  1. Each of the boys has a book.
  2. its
  3. The road was repaired by the council.
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